![]() ![]() ![]() Under Gorbachev, the underground economy has increased markedly, despite measures both to suppress and to legalize it. Also in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, January 1990. Dena Dollars In the 15th century city of Florence, Italy the Medici Bank created two currencies: florins for the upper class and piccolini (latin for ‘little ones’) for everyone else. 'Subrosa Privatization and Marketization in the USSR. It is Pasadena's sub rosa (underground) political economy that politicians disguise as 'the Pasadena Way' and newspapers avoid writing about. Vested interests so created are a significant aspect of conservative opposition to perestroika. 'Connections and Consumption in the USSR. Underground money and aboveground political and administrative power tend to fuse and to spawn, or exploit, organized crime. In the larger operations, illicit money flows up informal structures, often to very high officials. The underground, generally employing money as the main medium of exchange and functioning through markets, touches very many and on average provides large supplements of goods and-together with bribes, theft, and fraud-income to the public. by gender in their prevalence of deviance on the job, but men and women prisoners used their jobs in different ways to profit in the sub-rosa economy. ![]() State property is vastly misappropriated and exploited, particularly by camouflaged cryptoprivate firms. In the USSR, conditions for private underground activity have been highly propitious, given the barring, until recently, of nearly all lawful private business, chronic excess demand with fixed prices, high excise taxes, and both pervasive bureaucratic regulation and widespread corruption.
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